This study of Romans 13 rests upon a crucial presupposition: without context, words can mean anything and everything, and therefore mean nothing. By this time, the Christians in Rome were an eclectic group. As mentioned above, Paul was more than willing to critique governments and empires for the sake of God’s kingdom and the cause of Christ. However, using these seven verses as a packet theology of church and state is problematic, even within the Pauline corpus alone. Kim, Seyoon. Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath but also for the sake of conscience. If the Christian is not to seek personal vengeance, it does not take away the government’s authority to punish wrongdoers. These historians’ accounts of the life and times in Rome are second-hand. After Britannicus died, Agrippina continued to scheme for power for herself, while Nero fully exerted his own. Agrippina desired to marry her Uncle Claudius, and she wanted her son, Lucius Domitius, to marry Claudius’ daughter, Octavia. [11] Schreiner (1998: 678) provides these examples of textual and conceptual links between the two passages. ~ John Calvin. Orgh (“wrath”) is mentioned in 12:19 and 13:4, 5. As Robert Parham’s recent editorial, “Romans 13 Is Weak Proof-Text for Anti-Immigration Church Members,” illustrates, Romans 13 is often the go-to proof-text for urging compliance with and allegiance to government authority. At first glance, Romans 13:1-7 may seem to be out of context. The Heroes of the faith at Hebrews 11 have several listed whose acts of faith involved resistance to human government. The Epistle to the Romans. There were Jews who had endured temporary expulsion by the Roman government, there were slaves who were in danger of execution if their masters were killed, and there were citizens subject to the exploits of tax collectors. When Claudius returned home, those perceived to have aided and abetted Messalina’s marriage were executed. Tacitus wrote, “I do but relate what I have heard and what our fathers have recorded.” The works of Suetonius (Lives of the Twelve Caesars) and Dio (Roman History) both corroborate and complement that of Tacitus (The Annals). Prayers by the consuls and priests were offered for the emperor’s recovery, Agrippina kept people from leaving and entering the palace, and she announced to the empire that Claudius’ health was improving. The so called Nero context of the Romans passage does not call for submission to Nero. Anglican Priest, Managing Editor of AnglicanPastor.com, and a Ph.D. student at Wheaton College. In AD 55 Nero secretly ordered that Britannicus be poisoned. When Claudius was in the seventh year of his reign over the Roman Empire, his wife, Messalina, was at the height of her power. Agrippina continued to exterminate people either out of jealousy or fear that they hindered her power. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. An accessible introduction to the history with provocative theological commentary is Defending Constantine by Peter Leithart. Romans 13:1-7 is not a condensed theology of church and state, but a specific historically-conditioned pastoral address to the Roman believers, diverting them from rebellion and urging them towards humble submission in order to protect their testimony and thereby enhance their effectiveness in God’s redemptive mission. Let that sink in — this same interpretation was used to oppose the Declaration of Independence. Sorry for any confusion this error may have caused and thanks to the reader who caught it. However, the subject of "owing" in Rom. Relates to: Romans. Despite the period of relative peace from A.D. 54-59, tensions were rising in Rome in A.D. 57-58 regarding the particularly nasty practice of indirect taxation. But it was unthinkable to Paul to effect God’s kingdom in a way that ran against the grain of that kingdom of love, justice, and peace. Paul writes, “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. Although it is tempting to take this passage out of context and use it to justify opinions on everything from immigration to just war theory, the same hubris that Paul implicitly rebukes in these verses must be resisted if the Scriptures are to be heard and appropriated well. Acts of the state which contradicted God‘s Law were illegitimate and acts of tyranny. He has just forbidden taking vengeance and advocated treating with kindness those who mistreat us. [16] Here I summarize my conclusions from “Historical Background” above. “A Subversive Reading of Paul: A Response to Stubbs, ‘Subjection, Reflection, Resistance’.” In Navigating Romans Through Cultures: Challenging Readings by Charting a New Course, edited by Yeo Khiok-khng (K.K. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004. Our understanding of these seven verses must, therefore, be able to mesh with other passages (such as Phil 2:6-11; 3:20-21; 1 Thess 1:9-10; and 4:13-5:11) and their implications on relations between church and state. It was around this time, with the backdrop of ten years of murders, adulteries, and injustices by the rulers of the Roman Empire, that the Christians in Rome received a letter from the apostle Paul which said in part, Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. That said, I don't wish any kind of spiritual golden age would come about through government policy. Dunn (1988: 758) also mentions the phrases ekdikew / ekdikoV (12:19; 13:4) and pantwn anqrwpwn / pasin (12:17-18; 13:7) to provide evidence for a link between the two passages, before demonstrating links between Romans 2:7-11 and 13:3-4 in order to refute the claims of some that this passage is a non-Pauline insertion. For all authority comes from God, and those in positions of authority have been placed there by God. Although this concept seems simple and justified enough, it is often forgotten within the field of biblical exegesis. When Paul writes that “all authority comes from God, and those in positions of authority have been placed there by God,” this is daring stuff, indeed. There are those that view the American resistance to the English King as time established legitimate colonial governments resisting an older government out of which they had emerged and came to stand alone. This was not rebellion against government that the Christian could not support but local established governments resisting the right of kings and distant unrighteous government. [11] It is therefore quite reasonable to see a connection between 13:1-7 and 12:9-21. S. J. Hafeman (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1994), 198-208; J. Soon after Nero’s homosexual wedding, Rome was engulfed in flames. With this background information, it is easy to see why Paul here gives advice to his readers, a cosmopolitan church in Rome struggling to figure out Jew-Gentile dynamics in the early years of Nero’s reign, so as to prevent them from drawing negative attention to themselves and damaging the effectiveness of the gospel mission. This progressive view has since been exposed and most historians acknowledge that the progressive view was filled with errors and lies. (For a theological essay about what the Bible is and why it’s important, read this piece.). In AD 48 Claudius and Agrippina married. Paul’s rationale for submitt… About a year later, when Claudius was away at the harbor city of Ostia, Messalina married the man with whom she was having an affair. They laid the foundation for the Progressive view of American foundations in 1913. It is a reminder to be obedient to the … ), how should this apply in regards to our relationship with the rulers of our city and empire?”. a. “Overcome evil with good” (Romans 12:21). Certain modern accounts that fashion Constantine as a clever manipulator, a cool practitioner of realpolitik, are simply inappropriate for their ancient context. Due to influences as simple as our versification of the biblical text and as complex as the historical/theological developments which have dictated how we teach and interpret the Scriptures, many exegetes (wittingly or unwittingly) ignore context when trying to ascertain the meaning of particular biblical texts. Or: Shall we be Christ's people with a pinch of American flavoring? Many murders were committed at her bidding, and she forced others to commit suicide—sometimes only to quell her jealousy. First and second century Roman historians provide a window through which to see the context of the Roman Christians in the time surrounding Paul’s letter to them. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996. 2Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. It is the year in which the following narrative begins. 16:7), Christians (namely, Aquila and Priscilla) lived in Rome during the reign of Claudius (Acts 18:2), and reports of the faith of Christians in Rome had already spread “in all the world” by the time Paul wrote to them (Rom. Moo, Douglas J. Paul for Everyone: Romans: Part Two. It is true that the rural areas remained strongholds of paganism. And, through a persuasive speech, he compelled the Senate and the people to bless and approve of Claudius’ marriage to his niece, Agrippina. New York: T & T Clark International, 2004. Paul steps in and applies the principles of non-violence, non-retribution, and enemy love (12:14, 17, 18-20) to the context of government and society. A “perfect storm” was brewing underneath the surface, one that could put the Christians in Rome at odds with not only each other but with the Roman Empire itself very quickly if the believers there tended towards promoting social unrest, perhaps due to an over-realized eschatology that would want to usher in the kingdom of God by overthrowing Roman rule. These factors make the presence of Christianity in Rome likely from the mid to late 30s on into the reign of Claudius. Furthermore, revolutionary sentiments were in vogue at this time among the Jews in Palestine, and Paul was perhaps worried that the fervor would spread to the Roman church and quickly create some serious problems given the tensions within the church and its social context.[6]. When Romans 13:1-7 is read as if it was written in a modern North American context, it seems as though Paul is appealing to the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations to remind us of the divinely-appointed nature of our free-market economy and federal constitutional republic. 8 Owe no man anything, save to love one another: for he that loveth his neighbor hath fulfilled the law. Constantine had no discernible motivation to embrace Christianity when he did. Agrippina succeeded. Instead, the Roman believers are to “overcome evil with good” (12:21b), and this is illustrated in 12:20, “if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him a drink; for in doing this you will be heaping burning coals on his head.”. She wanted him to be adopted by Claudius as well, thus placing him at equal rank with Claudius’ biological son, Britannicus. 2. Learn how your comment data is processed. Wright, N.T. Also, consult Dunn (1988: 768-69). He then closes this paragraph with an appeal to the readers’ current practice of paying taxes in submission to the government (13:6), urging them therefore to continue respectfully in what they have already been doing (13:7).[19]. Jews and Gentiles were struggling to remain unified in the Messiah in spite of their cultural differences. Romans 13:13 Context. A. Fitzmyer, Romans AB 33 (New York: Doubleday, 1993), 662-63. (ESV, Rom. Tyranny was defined as ruling without the sanction of God. It is only through the delimiting influence of context that words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs are endowed with significance. Although things were presumably “going well,” as mentioned above, Paul knew full well that things could get tense for the Roman believers very quickly. Romans emperors were, for the most part, devoutly religious people. Don't know how we missed that... a copy/paste error of some sort, no doubt. Negatively, there was still quite a bit of tension within and around the Roman church which had the potential to divide the church and get the Christians in serious trouble with Roman authorities if rebellion became the rallying cry for the followers of Jesus, assured of the lordship of their King and the reality of his kingdom. Every soul: This c… Soon after, Nero emerged from the locked-up palace on a litter amid joyful shouts. Sensing her threat to his power because of her irresistible domination, Nero decided to kill his mother by a planned, yet accidental-in-appearance, shipwreck. Christians have to clear a high bar indeed before we start talking about government in such derogatory terms as "satanic" or "evil." I am also very much indebted to the discussion as the source of the historical information in this paragraph. At this point after 12:21, most modern English readers of Scripture are confronted by a large “13” and perhaps a subject heading, such as “Submission to Civil Government.” The advantages of verse and chapter divisions for Bible reading and study are well-known. To respond on your own website, enter the URL of your response which should contain a link to this post's permalink URL. Romans 13:1-7 is most naturally read as the unpacking of the principles of 12:9-21, in the context of how Christians in Rome should behave in relation to the powers that governed the society in which they dwelt. Are we doomed to passively allow those who take power first to rule in perpetuity? In an American context, there have been two notable times this interpretation has been used. Romans 14 Chapter 13 There are three good lessons taught us in this chapter, where the apostle enlarges more upon his precepts than he had done in the foregoing chapter, finding them more needful to be fully pressed. Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. Yes, I hesitate to use the term "Christian society" for similar reasons you might. Stubbs, Monya A. Some government entities within the Empire were still functioning for the basic good so could be submitted to. First, by the British Government and loyalists who were opposed to the American Revolution. [3], Knowledge of the situation facing the Roman Christians in A.D. 57 is crucial to the interpretation of this text. However, some general observations are in order. Since Paul was addressing the saints at Rome, it is logical that he would instruct them to submit to those who look after their souls. Which almost all fourth-century experts do. Remember the context — Paul has just written several verses about how we should re… 2 Consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, Milliman, Robert. Having spent the first eleven chapters of the epistle explaining the identity of the people of God as a mix of Jews and Gentiles and defending the covenant loyalty of God in the process, Paul now devotes chapters 12-15 to redefining the “rule of life” of the people of God. At a Christian University I was taught the progressive revised view. Many Christians went to universities and obtain their masters and doctorates in history and came away seeking to fit what they viewed as the correct view of American history in with their Christian world view. Paul began Romans 12 by declaring that the only reasonable response is to become living sacrifices in service to God. First and second century Roman historians provide a window through which to see the context of the Roman Christians in the time surrounding Paul’s letter to them. It raises some very pertinent questions about the Christian’s relation to the state, and especially about the meaning of Romans 13. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. Why is it that my voice always seems to be loudest when I am saying the dumbest things? Witherington III, Ben. We need to consider the scriptural passages on submission carefully and in light of all of scripture. contextual insights to romans 13:8-14 It is possible to understand Rom. Stein, Robert H. “The Argument of Romans 13:1-7.” Novum Testamentum (BRILL) Vol. New York: T & T Clark International, 2004. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. Others were mounted on poles in Nero’s gardens and set on fire to light the night. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1988. However, Agrippina was outraged at having to compete with a lowly freedwoman for the affections of her son. As Messalina’s hate increased against Claudius’ niece, Agrippina, she was overcome with desire for another man and began an adulterous relationship with him. There are a number of reasons for this, including what appears to many as a \"crisis in character.\" In any event, this is, generally speaking, the situation. [8] Wright pulls these themes together quite well: [P]recisely because of all the counter-imperial hints Paul has given not only in this letter and elsewhere but indeed by his entire gospel, it is vital that he steer Christians away from the assumption that loyalty to Jesus would mean the kind of civil disobedience and revolution that merely reshuffles the political cards into a different order. We rape the Scriptures when Romans 13:1-7 is used to justify such ignorance of and even the active participation in streams of society, culture, and policy which go against the grain of God’s kingdom. In the early part of the 20th century Charles and Mary Baird led what came to be a rapidly expanding rewriting of American History. Dio's text can be read here: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html. Your email address will not be published. Romans 13 in Context, Part 1. Agrippina’s son, Lucius Domitius, was now the stepson of Claudius and would soon become his son-in-law. Despite Kim’s conclusions, however, it seems unwise to completely ignore the implications of Christ’s lordship on both Roman believers in the first century and on North American ones today. Although God is still sovereign over modern nations, Paul’s argument here does not address the issue of active Christian participation in government because that was not on the radar of first-century Christian life in the Roman Empire. Historical Context for Romans by Paul. For rulers are not a terror to good works--"to the good work," as the true reading appears to be. However, Claudius was killed by his wife Agrippina in A.D. 54, and her son Nero advanced to the throne that same year, immediately allowing the Jews to return to the city. 12 The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. I would recommend that anyone interested in history get hold of the book "Telling the Truth About History," by Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, And Margaret Jacob. 13… In A.D. 54, Nero became the emperor of the Roman Empire as a 16-year-old youth. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2008. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher, 1998. Careful exegesis … paying taxes). It is therefore a mistake to read Romans 13:1-7 as a justification of the sins of the state, as if this passage gave a carte blanche to the atrocities to be committed in the later years of Nero’s reign. Romans 13:11. 46, no. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004. Furthermore, the Jewish believers who had returned to the city in A.D. 54 might not have been on the best terms with neither the Roman authorities nor the Gentile believers. Christ and Caesar: The Gospel and the Roman Empire in the Writings of Paul and Luke. Fasc. Seutonius' text can be read here: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/ho... Tacitus can be read here: http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.html. “Love and War: Romans 13.1 – 7 in the Context of 12.9 – 13.10.” November 13, 2011. The fact that Romans 13:1-7 is such a stumbling block to those in the anti-imperial camp and such an “anomaly” when compared with the implications of Paul’s anti-imperial passages (such as 1 Thess 5, alluded to by Wright [2005]) seems to necessitate a nuanced approach that hears the arguments of those on both sides of this theological debate. Paul: In Fresh Perspective. Paul’s admonitions in 13:1–7 should be read as a continuation of his exhortations in chapter 12. The immediate reason is because to not to submit may bring the wrath of government and be against the Christian conscience. (For more on the book of Romans, check out my summary of the book’s argument/story.). However, for an overview of this theme in Romans, Dunn (1988: 705) cites Rom 1:16-17; 2:15, 17, 28-29; 3:20, 29; 4:16; 9:8, 12; 11:6, 30-32. b. The year AD 47 was about ten years before Paul wrote Romans and ten-plus years after his conversion. There are always holdouts of paganism, particularly among the elites, but there is only one openly pagan emperor thereafter, Julian. It answers the implied question (after reading 12:9-21): “Paul, if we are to do these things (love genuinely, pursue harmony and peace, do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good, etc. [7] Cf. It soon became evident that Claudius favored Nero over Britannicus. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment” (13:1). His basis appealed to the OT Theocratic kingdom and its kings. Romans 13 means, "Remember them which have the rule over you," as you will also find at Hebrews 13:7. The passage is portraying a government with basic principles that Nero did and would violate thus releasing one from such duty. 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